Persian carpet in the Timurid period
Persian rug ,When the era of ascetic rule of the early Islamic caliphs came to an end, the later caliphs gradually began to build luxurious courts, especially in the Sassanid style. The use of expensive items and luxuries, such as fabrics and carpets and ornaments, increased. In his book about Beyhaqi and his first historical references to Farsh, Ravandi mentions a story about Caliph Harun’s wealth accumulation: “When Caliph Fazl bin Yahya Barmaki” was removed from the province of Khorasan and Ali bin Isa bin Mahan was appointed in his place. Emirate Ghazard Ali went to extremes……. and made so many gifts to Rashid that no one had made before him… when he brought the gifts to the square (to the Caliph). …….. Two hundred houses (boards) of carpets and two hundred houses of Mahf… as no one remembered. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
Yahya said that during the reign of my son, these things were in the houses of their lords. It is said that Harun was angry with this harsh answer and it seems that this was one of the reasons for the decline of his family. Harun al-Rashid to have a large Sassanid carpet of the Agini gem, which was thickened by the abundance of jewels and belonged to the past centuries, to the village of Fars” from several historical books that he boasts of his production. Persian Silk carpet in the Timurid period
Cyrus Parham mentioned in the book “Hand-woven carpets of Persian rural nomads”, he mentions:
In the book Hudud al-Alam Man al-Mashrik al-Maghrib, (year 2003), it mentions products such as carpets, plus, rugs, zilu, buriya, jwal, felt, mats, in different regions of Iran. were at the time of writing this book. In the book Ahsan al-Taqassim, Moghadisi refers to “good and excellent carpets in Shushtar, Darabjard, Fasa and also to the carpets exported from Qahestan”.Ibn Hawqal also mentions Darabjardash Silk rug in his book Surah al-Arz.
Ebrahim Istakhari says in the book Masalak al-Mamalek: “Good things will rise from Jahram… and from Ghanjan – who”
Let the town of the plain be ruined – good rugs and carpets will rise, and the Sultan will be a workshop there.》
During the era of Al Boyeh, the textile industry faced a significant growth and it is very likely that in the index of Mohammad Zaki Hassan in the “Book of Iranian Industries” after Islam, about the weaves of this period, carpet weaves were produced. Although there are few traces of these weaves.
He says: “During this period, Iranian weaving reached the peak of its greatness, progress and prosperity.”
The Seljuk era, then the Mongols, are the years of war and destruction. However, sometimes during the reign of one of the Seljuk or Mongol emirs, with the help of Iranian and knowledgeable ministers, works of support for some arts such as architecture and painting, etc., can be seen. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
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Mughal period – in Shahnameh Demut belonging to the middle years of the 8th century A.H. “In a leaf of Demut’s Shahnameh, on the fabric that is under Alexander’s coffin, there is a vague pattern that seems to represent a carpet, with slim designs. However, due to not seeing this motif on the carpet during the next century, this conclusion may be doubtful.
Timurid Period – After the destruction during Timur’s rule, his family, especially his son Shahrukh, worked hard to restore the ruins and establish periods of peace and tranquility in his capital, Herat, which was considered the cultural capital of Khorasan in a way, and used Iranian arts such as calligraphy and Painting (miniature) supported a lot. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
3.Persian Carpets of the Timurid period
In the more primitive miniatures before Timurid and in the Herat School (Royal Library) during the period of Timur’s son Shahrukh, there are small cloth carpets, mostly with broken lines, with traces of Chinese and Mongolian paintings in their margins. And the accuracy and gradual changes that can be seen in these small Persian rug designs , indicate the mastery of the weavers in the Timurid period and then Al Jalair, which means the existence of the possibility of weaving large cloth carpets.
The effect of carpet calligraphy: the development of calligraphy coincides with the development of book writing and the art of book binding and book decoration and finer arts such as gilding and poetry, which is very close to the carpet motifs in the Timurid period, the evolution of the calligraphy style by the artists of the period of “Shahrokh and his sons Baisangar”. And Sultan Ibrahim coincides with the initial changes of Timurid motifs, in this period, Mir Ali Tabrizi (Heravi) perfected 25 Nastaliq lines, in which the elegance and curvature of the pen played an essential role. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
The effect of miniature on carpet: Miniature is the continuation of Iranian painting and is on the connecting line of other visual arts such as calligraphy, architecture, especially carpet. The effect of the miniature on the carpet is a direct and indirect effect.
Suitable patterns and colors and the wide use of slimi and its derivatives and lotus and pomegranate flowers and their transfer have had a definite effect on the carpet. With the emergence of great designers such as Mirek, Behzad and their students, role-playing underwent qualitative and more complex changes and was reflected on the covers and paintings of books, miniatures, ceilings and walls of buildings, curtains and finally large cloth carpets. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
Kamaluddin Behzad: He was born in 860 AH. He was the head of the royal library of Herat during the era of Sultan Hossein Baiqara and the leader of the professors of his era. The transformation he brought about in Iranian painting influenced all the arts of the age. The elegance, accuracy and artistic use of color in drawing the details of clothes, objects and carpets had a structural effect on the art of role-playing, Style and maktab of Persian carpet and color. Persian carpet in the Timurid period
After Shah Ismail Safavi came to power, Behzad went to Tabriz with him and even though he was old, he headed the royal library in Tabriz 942-944 for a while, but he died around the years between AH and was buried in Tabriz. In the court of Al Jalair and the government of Uzon Hassan, the support of Iranian arts, especially carpet weaving, continued.
Josefa Barbaro, the Spanish ambassador, mentions the existence of expensive and delicate Persian rug in the court of Ozon Hassan.